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What is an Automatic Gearbox

An automatic gearbox is an automobile gearbox that can change gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves, thus freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. Automatic gearboxes, particularly earlier ones, reduce fuel efficiency and power. Where fuel is expensive and, thus, engines generally smaller, these penalties are more burdensome. In recent years, automatic gearboxes have significantly improved in their ability to support high fuel efficiency but manual gearboxes are still generally more efficient. Most automatic gearboxes have a set selection of possible gear ranges, often with a parking pawl feature that will lock the output shaft of the gearbox. Recently manufacturers have begun to make continuously variable gearboxes commonly available. These designs can change the ratios over a range rather than between set gear ratios. Even though CVTs have been used for decades in a few vehicles (e.g. DAF saloons and the Volvo 340 series that succeeded them, and later the Subaru Justy), the technology has recently gained greater acceptance among manufacturers and customers. Automatic gearbox modes

Conventionally, in order to select the mode, the driver would have to move a gear shift lever located on the steering column or on the floor next to him. In order to select gears/modes the driver must push a button in (called the shift lock button) or pull the handle (only on column mounted shifters) out. Automatic Gearboxes have various modes depending on the model and make of the gearbox. Some of the common modes are: Park (P) – This selection mechanically locks the gearbox, restricting the car from moving in any direction. A parking pawl prevents the gearbox from moving forward (although wheels, depending on the drive train, can still spin freely), it is recommended to use the hand brake (or emergency brake) because this actually locks the wheels and prevents them from moving, and increases the life of the gearbox and the park mechanism. Reverse (R) – This puts the car into the reverse gear, giving the ability for the car to drive backwards. In order for the driver to select reverse they must come to a complete stop, and push the shift lock button in and select reverse. Not coming to a complete stop can cause severe damage to the gearbox. Many modern automatic gearboxes have a safety mechanism in place, which does to some extent prevent (but doesn't completely avoid) inadvertently putting the car in reverse when the vehicle is moving. This mechanism usually consists of a moveable physical barrier on either side of the Reverse position, and is electronically linked to the brake pedal, which needs to be pressed in order to allow putting the car in reverse.

Neutral/No gear (N) – This disconnects the gearbox from the wheels so the car can move freely under its own weight. This is the only other selection in which the car can be started. Drive (D) – This allows the car to move forward and accelerate through a range of gears. The number of gears a gearbox has depends on the model, but they can commonly range from 3, 4 (the most common), 5, 6, 7 and 8 in the new models. There are also other modes dependant on the manufacturer and model. Some examples include; D4 – In Honda and Acura automatics this mode is used commonly for highway use (as stated in the manual) and uses all 4 forward gears. D3 – This is also found in Honda and Acura automatics and only uses the first 3 gears and according to the manual it is used for stop & go traffic such as city driving. + - and M – This is the manual selection of gears for automatics, such as Porsche's Tiptronic. The driver can shift up and down at their will, like in a semi-automatic gearbox. This mode may be engaged either through a selector/position or by actually changing gear (e.g. tipping the gear-down paddle). OverDrive ([D], OD, or a boxed D) - This mode is used in some gearboxes (including late 1980s Chevrolet) to allow early Computer Controlled Gearboxes to engage the Automatic Overdrive; in these gearboxes, Drive (D) locks the Automatic Overdrive off, but is identical otherwise.